迪士尼近期宣布將要拍攝真人版《花木蘭》,而女英雄花木蘭則是從近千名候選人中選定由劉亦菲扮演。對(duì)此,國(guó)內(nèi)外的討論都比較多。
Vogue網(wǎng)站刊文說(shuō):
陽(yáng)谷信息港ytdoushan.com訊記者
“Liu’s casting breaks up a string of Hollywood-based bad decisions when it comes to whitewashing.”
主角選定劉亦菲,破除了一長(zhǎng)串好萊塢在選角方面的“白人化”的壞慣例。
而國(guó)內(nèi)的觀眾,似乎更期待這位“會(huì)英語(yǔ)、會(huì)武術(shù)”的木蘭的男裝扮相。
近二十年前上映的這部動(dòng)畫(huà)片據(jù)說(shuō)是迪士尼第一次擁抱中國(guó)元素,制作團(tuán)隊(duì)還聘請(qǐng)了“中國(guó)內(nèi)地和港臺(tái)的一大批文學(xué)家、歷史學(xué)家、藝術(shù)家,對(duì)影片的腳本、情景、造型等進(jìn)行了反復(fù)研究審核”,以保證一些細(xì)節(jié)呈現(xiàn)的準(zhǔn)確性。
它給了民歌中面目模糊的女英雄一張具體靈動(dòng)的臉、幽默調(diào)皮的性格、以及小寵物和召喚獸。
但在當(dāng)時(shí)也顛覆了很多國(guó)人對(duì)木蘭長(zhǎng)相的期待,認(rèn)為是西方不懂東方的美,還將超模呂燕與迪士尼花木蘭捆綁談?wù)摿撕荛L(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間。
❶
其實(shí),就像哈姆雷特一樣,一千個(gè)讀者心中就有一千個(gè)木蘭。
1500多年前的木蘭辭,令人神往;通過(guò)無(wú)數(shù)個(gè)不同版本不同介質(zhì)的演繹(電影、電視、動(dòng)畫(huà)、戲曲、文學(xué)、游戲等),花木蘭得到了遍布海內(nèi)外的擁躉。
男生賈里女生賈梅的“媽媽”作家秦文君,打小就對(duì)花木蘭這個(gè)人物有強(qiáng)烈的仰慕之情,“童年時(shí)向往她自由翱翔的人生,別樣的剛強(qiáng)之美”。
當(dāng)她被約稿一個(gè)“中國(guó)元素的圖畫(huà)書(shū)”時(shí),她說(shuō)出了這個(gè)“蓄謀已久”的名字。
站在諸多不同版本的詮釋之上,秦文君感到較大的挑戰(zhàn)。
[她]曾找了100個(gè)孩子,請(qǐng)他們說(shuō)說(shuō)心目中的花木蘭。有的孩子說(shuō):“我覺(jué)得花木蘭演技很高,多年在軍營(yíng)中,沒(méi)人認(rèn)出她是女孩子。”有的說(shuō):“花木蘭很美。”也有的說(shuō):“花木蘭太愛(ài)她的父親了。”孩子心中的花木蘭是“多姿多彩”,表述各不同。
她還去到甘肅、河南的荒漠,古戰(zhàn)場(chǎng),山川上采風(fēng),想象木蘭在沙場(chǎng)十二載的空曠夜晚;從地方戲里找戲文和唱腔的明快洗煉之美;最后大刀闊斧地向自己的文本開(kāi)刀:
寫(xiě)圖畫(huà)書(shū)要?jiǎng)?chuàng)意,要好故事,要足夠的智慧……這本圖畫(huà)書(shū)文字本來(lái)就就少,在我?guī)滓灼涓逯,又刪掉了不少,凡是畫(huà)家根據(jù)我的文字,能畫(huà)出來(lái)的東西,文字就多余了,去除,只留下最純粹、圖畫(huà)難以表達(dá)的那一些文字。捧著新出的精致、大氣的《我是花木蘭》,我自嘲地想,看上去作家好像沒(méi)有出力,很多創(chuàng)意,無(wú)數(shù)創(chuàng)作時(shí)辛勞的痕跡都被我親手抹去,只為了成全這一本圖畫(huà)書(shū)。
This traditional tale is told by a smart and brave modern-time girl,whose nickname is Hua Mulan.One night,she has a dream of the legendary Hua Mulan and takes us to see how Hua Mulan disguises herself as boy and goes to the army in place of her father in order to save the father.When the war ends,the legendary Hua Mulan goes back home and lives a happy life with her family as a beautiful girl tending flowers and weaving cloth.
《我是花木蘭》以現(xiàn)代的一個(gè)小女孩兒的視角切入。一天晚上,一個(gè)女孩兒做了一個(gè)夢(mèng)。在夢(mèng)中,她夢(mèng)到了花木蘭。小女孩兒給我們講述起了她看到的花木蘭的故事;咎m的家人、花木蘭的喜好、花木蘭代替父親去從軍,花木蘭機(jī)智勇敢地戰(zhàn)勝敵人;花木蘭和自己的戰(zhàn)友結(jié)下了深厚的友誼;看到木蘭受傷,又自己慢慢療傷……戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束了,小女孩兒陪著木蘭迫不及待地回到家中;咎m恢復(fù)女裝,過(guò)起了平靜的生活,在安定而幸福的日子里,木蘭養(yǎng)花、織布,打扮得美麗動(dòng)人,和家人共度好時(shí)光。而這個(gè)小女孩兒呢,也叫花木蘭,人人都這么叫她。
所以,秦文君的雙重視角、雙線(xiàn)敘事的花木蘭,既強(qiáng)調(diào)了“女孩成長(zhǎng)的無(wú)限可能性和豐富性”,也對(duì)女性性別充滿(mǎn)自豪。
她用極簡(jiǎn)的筆調(diào)描刻了木蘭的家人,還有從小舞刀弄槍、喜讀兵書(shū)的性子,為“代父出征”作下鋪墊;又講出發(fā)前,在家里撒下牡丹的種子,這些牡丹成了沙場(chǎng)上思鄉(xiāng)時(shí)的掛念。巧擒敵軍首領(lǐng),卻又在受傷時(shí)和歸鄉(xiāng)后,都不愿向戰(zhàn)友透露身份的害羞和羈絆。
而那個(gè)現(xiàn)代的小女孩一直在和古代的花木蘭隔空對(duì)話(huà),表達(dá)自己的仰慕。
❷
閱讀圖畫(huà)書(shū)(繪本)從來(lái)都不簡(jiǎn)單。
經(jīng)典的圖畫(huà)書(shū)吸引的讀者,可能是0-99歲。首先文字上已經(jīng)做到最為凝練,其次,繪者的細(xì)膩勾繪,往往會(huì)隱藏很多需要慢慢品位的小細(xì)節(jié)。
這本《我是花木蘭》,就附上了一個(gè)冊(cè)子,里面有曾任2012年和2014年國(guó)際安徒生獎(jiǎng)的評(píng)委會(huì)主席瑪利亞·J·基爾(María J.Gil)的導(dǎo)讀。
On the next pages,we can attend a very moving scene.The author explains us that the day before setting out Mulan planted a peony in her courtyard“because she had already begun to miss her home.”
接下來(lái),我們看到了特別動(dòng)人的一幕。作者說(shuō),在離家前一天,木蘭在屋前種下了一株牡丹,因?yàn)樗?ldquo;戀戀不舍”,她已經(jīng)開(kāi)始想念她的家了。
Again,the illustrations accompany very well this exciting moment with a tree plenty of peonies.Observe the delicacy of the colours.
插圖中的牡丹,畫(huà)得非常契合這讓人感動(dòng)的一刻。請(qǐng)大家仔細(xì)看柔和的顏色。
Then we can see Mulan in the mountains,exposed to the cold,inclement weather:“The earth was her bed and the clouds were her blanket.”
然后,我們看到群山之間的木蘭,她置身于寒冷惡劣的天氣里:“大地為床,天為棉被。”
But she had not fear.She is so brave…She only wishes a quick victory to be able to come back home.
但她毫無(wú)畏懼。她是如此勇敢……她只想盡快贏得戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),然后回家。
Here please observe the illustrations,the black and white mountains in contrast with the blue Mulan's and the river silhouette.You can feel in your own body the cold weather and Mulan's loneliness.
在這里請(qǐng)仔細(xì)看圖,黑白的群山和藍(lán)色的木蘭與河流剪影形成強(qiáng)烈對(duì)比。你可以實(shí)實(shí)在在地感覺(jué)到嚴(yán)寒,還有木蘭的孤獨(dú)。
評(píng)到秦文君的文本,瑪利亞說(shuō):
Mulan is a really first class plot and the author knows how to retell it with rhythm,structure and imagination.This Qin Wenjun's Mulan version keep readers guessing what happens next.
說(shuō)到木蘭的故事,它的情節(jié)絕對(duì)是一流的,我們的作者也很知道如何把故事講得富有韻味,而且結(jié)構(gòu)精巧,想象力飽滿(mǎn)。秦文君版本的木蘭,讓讀者不停地猜測(cè)接下來(lái)會(huì)發(fā)生什么。
而對(duì)于繪者,她說(shuō):
A really talented illustrator as Yu Rong not only illustrates the words but adds something new to the story,leading it to another level.
郁蓉這樣一位真正的天才畫(huà)家不僅為文字配圖,甚至給故事增添了新的東西,把它帶上了另一個(gè)高度。
總之,閱盡各國(guó)繪本的她,是這樣理解花木蘭的:
Mulan's characteristics such as courage and resistance to adversity,kindness,filial piety and disinterested attitude of fame and fortune,made her the most respected of historical Chinese heroines,a woman distinguished in traditional culture and whose legend has been transmitted by generations.
木蘭的性格——她的勇敢、在逆境中的堅(jiān)毅、她的善良、忠誠(chéng)、對(duì)名利的淡泊態(tài)度,讓她成為中國(guó)歷史上最讓人敬重的女性,一個(gè)在傳統(tǒng)文化中脫穎而出的女性。她的故事成為中國(guó)人代代相傳的傳奇。
❸
本書(shū)的繪者郁蓉,是一位在中國(guó)出生的英籍藝術(shù)家。平日在劍橋與先生和三個(gè)孩子以及他們的德國(guó)獵犬一起過(guò)著平靜的創(chuàng)作生活。有時(shí)回到國(guó)內(nèi)交流合作,她會(huì)開(kāi)玩笑地說(shuō):“在國(guó)內(nèi)待一周總是能得到很多信息,返回英國(guó)之后,我往往需要花兩周來(lái)消化”。
郁蓉(右一)和家人、導(dǎo)師合影
郁蓉走到哪都隨身背著一個(gè)大筆記本,里面有她自己記載的文字和圖畫(huà)的日記,還有她邀請(qǐng)所遇之人寫(xiě)的題詞、簽名,這些都成為了她的靈感源泉。
她做過(guò)小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)老師,學(xué)過(guò)國(guó)畫(huà),學(xué)過(guò)裝飾設(shè)計(jì),后來(lái)考上了倫敦的皇家藝術(shù)學(xué)院(Royal College of Art)的碩士,師從插畫(huà)大師和桂冠詩(shī)人昆汀·布萊克(Quentin Blake)。
Yu Rong has developed a unique style of artwork that combines traditional Chinese hand paper-cuts with pencil drawing.
郁蓉獨(dú)創(chuàng)了一種結(jié)合中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)剪紙和鉛筆畫(huà)的風(fēng)格。
Conveying a vivid atmosphere with the simple silhouettes of a two-dimensional paper-cut is challenging.
這種能通過(guò)簡(jiǎn)單的二維剪影創(chuàng)作出獨(dú)特的氛圍的技法,是比較有挑戰(zhàn)性的。
Yu Rong has been experimenting for many years with the use of bold and intricate shapes,selection of colors and integration of toned pencil drawings in order to create a rich,three-dimensional artwork that brings the scenes alive and conveys subtle expressions of zest for life,humor and love to a young audience.
而通過(guò)多年的不斷嘗試,郁蓉大膽使用各種獨(dú)特的形狀和顏色,結(jié)合鉛筆畫(huà),將她的作品呈現(xiàn)為栩栩如生而又充滿(mǎn)了細(xì)膩的情感的三維立體作品,表達(dá)了她對(duì)生活、幽默和讀者的滿(mǎn)滿(mǎn)的熱愛(ài)。
當(dāng)她提著裝滿(mǎn)卷軸國(guó)畫(huà)的車(chē)簍子考上了倫敦皇家藝術(shù)學(xué)院時(shí),開(kāi)學(xué)前,系里要求每個(gè)學(xué)生創(chuàng)作一組獨(dú)特的作品介紹自己。
她一眼瞥見(jiàn)墻上掛著的去西安采風(fēng)時(shí)買(mǎi)來(lái)的民間剪紙,開(kāi)啟了個(gè)人風(fēng)格,而且很幸運(yùn)自己找到了那個(gè)風(fēng)格。就因?yàn)檫@個(gè)作品,她還沒(méi)畢業(yè),就被Walker出版社看中了,開(kāi)啟了長(zhǎng)期的合作。
比如《我是花木蘭》的封面,她就剪了十來(lái)次。而為做一本書(shū),經(jīng)常需要花四五年。細(xì)看她的作品,很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)這些剪紙的新穎和靈動(dòng)。
她成功將中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)元素拓展成了“國(guó)際讀者從視覺(jué)上能接受的中國(guó)元素”。
她和秦文君,就像兩個(gè)當(dāng)代的花木蘭,將巾幗英雄之豪氣、之淡泊、之熱愛(ài)用自己的方式表達(dá)了出來(lái),兩位創(chuàng)作者也經(jīng)常“花費(fèi)大段時(shí)間隔空切磋花木蘭之美”,秦文君說(shuō)。
郁蓉在作品中埋了很多伏筆和細(xì)節(jié)。
《木蘭辭》中有這樣一句:
雄兔腳撲朔,雌兔眼迷離。
The he‑hare’s feet go hop and skip,
The she‑hare’s eyes are muddled and fuddled.
雙兔傍地走,安能辨我是雄雌。
Two hares running side by side close to the ground,
How can they tell if I am he or she?
所以她設(shè)計(jì)了一雄一雌兩只兔子,并讓它們貫穿了整個(gè)故事。以這兩只兔子為起點(diǎn),也為終點(diǎn)。
另外還有很多或向典故或向經(jīng)典繪本致敬的小片斷:老鼠嫁女、柳林風(fēng)聲、彼得兔、美人魚(yú)。更不乏繪者自己家庭生活的片斷和細(xì)節(jié)。
“這本書(shū),是我作為一個(gè)女人、一個(gè)母親、一個(gè)畫(huà)家、一個(gè)中國(guó)人,在人到中年之際,將自己的整個(gè)人生都放進(jìn)去了。”郁蓉這么告訴三聯(lián)生活周刊的記者陳賽。
她還調(diào)皮地征詢(xún)起了陳賽等“朋友、編輯和老師”的童年秘密,包括文字作者秦文君的,將它們一一畫(huà)到了《我是花木蘭》中,她說(shuō)“我非常喜歡大家在互動(dòng)中共同完成一件作品”。你看到那雙小皮鞋了么?
郁蓉也和曹文軒、白冰等大家一直碰撞出很多精彩的作品,而這些頗有國(guó)際視角中國(guó)表達(dá)的作品,在海外也不斷收獲著新的精彩。
Cao Wenxuan’s Smoke.
你心中的花木蘭是怎樣的,這個(gè)傳奇吸引你的地方是什么?讓我們先來(lái)復(fù)習(xí)一下英文版的“唧唧復(fù)唧唧”之美,再來(lái)暢談感想吧!
木蘭辭
The Ballad of Mulan
唧唧復(fù)唧唧,木蘭當(dāng)戶(hù)織。
不聞機(jī)杼聲,唯聞女嘆息。
Tsiek tsiek and again tsiek tsiek,
Mulan weaves,facing the door.
You don't hear the shuttle's sound,
You only hear Daughter's sighs.
問(wèn)女何所思,問(wèn)女何所憶。
女亦無(wú)所思,女亦無(wú)所憶。
They ask Daughter who's in her heart,
They ask Daughter who's on her mind.
"No one is on Daughter's heart,
No one is on Daughter's mind.
昨夜見(jiàn)軍帖,可汗大點(diǎn)兵,
軍書(shū)十二卷,卷卷有爺名。
Last night I saw the draft posters,
The Khan is calling many troops,
The army list is in twelve scrolls,
On every scroll there's Father's name.
阿爺無(wú)大兒,木蘭無(wú)長(zhǎng)兄,
愿為市鞍馬,從此替爺征。
Father has no grown-up son,
Mulan has no elder brother.
I want to buy a saddle and horse,
And serve in the army in Father's place."
東市買(mǎi)駿馬,西市買(mǎi)鞍韉,
南市買(mǎi)轡頭,北市買(mǎi)長(zhǎng)鞭。
In the East Market she buys a spirited horse,
In the West Market she buys a saddle,
In the South Market she buys a bridle,
In the North Market she buys a long whip.
旦辭爺娘去,暮宿黃河邊,
不聞爺娘喚女聲,但聞黃河流水鳴濺濺。
At dawn she takes leave of Father and Mother,
In the evening camps on the Yellow River's bank.
She doesn't hear the sound of Father and Mother calling,
She only hears the Yellow River's flowing water cry tsien tsien.
旦辭黃河去,暮至黑山頭,
不聞爺娘喚女聲,但聞燕山胡騎鳴啾啾。
At dawn she takes leave of the Yellow River,
In the evening she arrives at Black Mountain.
She doesn't hear the sound of Father and Mother calling,
She only hears Mount Yen's nomad horses cry tsiu tsiu.
萬(wàn)里赴戎機(jī),關(guān)山度若飛。
朔氣傳金柝,寒光照鐵衣。
將軍百戰(zhàn)死,壯士十年歸。
She goes ten thousand miles on the business of war,
She crosses passes and mountains like flying.
Northern gusts carry the rattle of army pots,
Chilly light shines on iron armor.
Generals die in a hundred battles,
Stout soldiers return after ten years.
歸來(lái)見(jiàn)天子,天子坐明堂。
策勛十二轉(zhuǎn),賞賜百千強(qiáng)。
On her return she sees the Son of Heaven,
The Son of Heaven sits in the Splendid Hall.
He gives out promotions in twelve ranks
And prizes of a hundred thousand and more.
可汗問(wèn)所欲,木蘭不用尚書(shū)郎,
愿馳千里足,送兒還故鄉(xiāng)。
The Khan asks her what she desires.
"Mulan has no use for a minister's post.
I wish to ride a swift mount
To take me back to my home."
爺娘聞女來(lái),出郭相扶將;
阿姊聞妹來(lái),當(dāng)戶(hù)理紅妝;
小弟聞姊來(lái),磨刀霍霍向豬羊。
When Father and Mother hear Daughter is coming
They go outside the wall to meet her,leaning on each other.
When Elder Sister hears Younger Sister is coming
She fixes her rouge,facing the door.
When Little Brother hears Elder Sister is coming
He whets the knife,quick quick,for pig and sheep.
開(kāi)我東閣門(mén),坐我西閣床,
脫我戰(zhàn)時(shí)袍,著我舊時(shí)裳。
當(dāng)窗理云鬢,對(duì)鏡貼花黃。
"I open the door to my east chamber,
I sit on my couch in the west room,
I take off my wartime gown
And put on my old-time clothes."
Facing the window she fixes her cloudlike hair,
Hanging up a mirror she dabs on yellow flower powder.
出門(mén)看火伴,火伴皆驚忙:
同行十二年,不知木蘭是女郎。
She goes out the door and sees her comrades.
Her comrades are all amazed and perplexed.
Traveling together for twelve years
They didn't know Mu-lan was a girl.
雄兔腳撲朔,雌兔眼迷離;
雙兔傍地走,安能辨我是雄雌?
"The he-hare's feet go hop and skip,
The she-hare's eyes are muddled and fuddled.
Two hares running side by side close to the ground,
How can they tell if I am he or she?"
Translation selected from The Flowering Plum and the Palace Lady:Interpretations of Chinese Poetry,by Han H.Frankel,Yale University Press.
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